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Abstract Understanding how foundation species recover from disturbances is key for predicting the future of ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Coral reefs are dynamic ecosystems that can undergo rapid declines in coral abundance following disturbances. Understanding why some reefs recover quickly from these disturbances whereas others recover slowly (or not at all) gives insight into the drivers of community resilience. From 2006 to 2010 coral reefs on the fore reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, experienced severe disturbances that reduced coral cover from ~46% in 2005 to <1% in 2010. Following these disturbances, coral cover increased from 2010 to 2018. Although there was a rapid and widespread recovery of corals, reefs at 17 m depth recovered more slowly than reefs at 10 m depth. We investigated the drivers of different rates of coral recovery between depths from 2010 to 2018 using a combination of time‐series data on coral recruitment, density, growth, and mortality in addition to field experiments testing for the effects of predation. Propagule abundance did not influence recovery, as the density of coral recruits (spat <6 months old) did not differ between depths. However, mortality of juvenile corals (≤5 cm diameter) was higher at 17 m, leading to densities of juvenile corals 3.5 times higher at 10 m than at 17 m depth. Yet, there were no differences in the growth of corals between depths. These results point to an early life stage bottleneck after settlement, resulting in greater mortality at 17 m than at 10 m as the likely driver of differential coral recovery between depths. We used experiments and time‐series data to test mechanisms that could drive different rates of juvenile coral mortality across depths, including differences in predation, competition, and the availability of suitable substratum. The results of these experiments suggested that increased coral mortality at 17 m may have been influenced by higher intensity of fish predation, and higher mortality of corals attached to unfavorable substratum. In contrast, the abundance of macroalgae, a coral competitor, did not explain differences in coral survival. Our work suggests that top‐down processes and substratum quality can create bottlenecks in corals that can drive rates of coral recovery after disturbance. 

Abstract The Ovi1032, 1038 Å line is a key probe of cooling gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of galaxies but has been observed to date primarily in absorption along single sight lines. We present deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Solar Blind Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys observations of the compact, massive starburst Makani. Makani hosts a 100 kpc, [Oii]-emitting galactic wind driven by two episodes of star formation over 400 Myr. We detect Oviand Lyαemission across the [Oii] nebula with similar morphology and extent, out tor≈ 50 kpc. Using differential narrowband imaging, we separate Lyαand Oviand show that the Oviemission is comparable in brightness to [Oii], withL_{O VI}= 4 × 10⁴²erg s⁻¹. The similar hourglass morphology and size of [Oii] and Oviimplicate radiative cooling atT= 10^5.5K in a hot–cold interface. This may occur as theT> 10⁷K CGM—or the hot fluid driving the wind—exchanges mass with theT≈ 10⁴K clouds entrained in (or formed by) the wind. The optical/UV line ratios may be consistent with shock ionization, although uncertain attenuation and Lyαradiative transfer complicate the interpretation. The detection of Oviin Makani lies at the bleeding edge of the UV imaging capabilities of HST and provides a benchmark for future emission-line imaging of the CGM with a wide-area UV telescope. 

Despite significant progress in vaccine research, the level of protection provided by vaccination can vary significantly across individuals. As a result, understanding immunologic variation across individuals in response to vaccination is important for developing next-generation efficacious vaccines. Accurate outcome prediction and identification of predictive biomarkers would represent a significant step towards this goal. Moreover, in early phase vaccine clinical trials, small datasets are prevalent, raising the need and challenge of building a robust and explainable prediction model that can reveal heterogeneity in small datasets. We propose a new model named Generative Mixture of Logistic Regression (GeM-LR), which combines characteristics of both a generative and a discriminative model. In addition, we propose a set of model selection strategies to enhance the robustness and interpretability of the model. GeM-LR extends a linear classifier to a non-linear classifier without losing interpretability and empowers the notion of predictive clustering for characterizing data heterogeneity in connection with the outcome variable. We demonstrate the strengths and utility of GeM-LR by applying it to data from several studies. GeM-LR achieves better prediction results than other popular methods while providing interpretations at different levels. 

Abstract Marine heatwaves are increasing in frequency and duration, threatening tropical reef ecosystems through intensified coral bleaching events. We examined a strikingly variable spatial pattern of bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia following a heatwave that lasted from November 2018 to July 2019. In July 2019, four months after the onset of bleaching, we surveyed > 5000 individual colonies of the two dominant coral genera,PocilloporaandAcropora, at 10 m and 17 m water depths, at six forereef sites around the island where temperature was measured. We found severe bleaching increased with colony size for both coral genera, butAcroporableached more severely thanPocilloporaoverall. Acroporableached more at 10 m than 17 m, likely due to higher light availability at 10 m compared to 17 m, or greater daily temperature fluctuation at depth. Bleaching inPocilloporacorals did not differ with depth but instead varied with the interaction of colony size and Accumulated Heat Stress (AHS), in that larger colonies (> 30 cm) were more sensitive to AHS than mid-size (10–29 cm) or small colonies (5–9 cm). Our findings provide insight into complex interactions among coral taxa, colony size, and water depth that produce high spatial variation in bleaching and related coral mortality. 

Addressing the impact of climate change on agriculture and natural resources requires the translation of science to solutions and policies that support more sustainable forms of land use, efficient agricultural production, and community-engaged research globally. The National Climate Roadmap is a science agenda holistically designed to serve researchers, policymakers, farmers and practitioners. -- from website. 

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins by kinases and phosphatases are central to cellular responses and function. The structural effects of serine and threonine phosphorylation were examined in peptides and in proteins, by circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, bioinformatics analysis of the PDB, small-molecule X-ray crystallography, and computational investigations. Phosphorylation of both serine and threonine residues induces substantial conformational restriction in their physiologically more important dianionic forms. Threonine exhibits a particularly strong disorder-to-order transition upon phosphorylation, with dianionic phosphothreonine preferentially adopting a cyclic conformation with restricted φ (φ ~ –60 ̊) stabilized by three noncovalent interactions: a strong intraresidue phosphate-amide hydrogen bond, an n→π* interaction between consecutive carbonyls, and an n→σ* interaction between the phosphate Oγ lone pair and the antibonding orbital of C–Hβ that restricts the χ2 side chain conformation. Proline is unique among the canonical amino acids for its covalent cyclization on the backbone. Phosphothreonine can mimic proline's backbone cyclization via noncovalent interactions. The preferred torsions of dianionic phosphothreonine are φ,ψ = polyproline II helix > α-helix (φ ~ –60 ̊); χ1 = g–; χ2 ~ +115 ̊ (eclipsed C–H/O–P bonds). This structural signature is observed in diverse proteins, including in the activation loops of protein kinases and in protein-protein interactions. In total, these results suggest a structural basis for the differential use and evolution of threonine versus serine phosphorylation sites in proteins, with serine phosphorylation typically inducing smaller, rheostat-like changes, versus threonine phosphorylation promoting larger, step function-like switches, in proteins.